Things You Should Know About Rule 43 Applications in Divorce Cases
Understanding Rule 43 Maintenance claims pending divorce.
When a divorce is taking a long time to finalise or when one of the spouses is a homemaker with no income, the law provides a mechanism that can be used to assist spouses during a divorce to provide for the interim period until the divorce is finalised. Rule 43 of the High Court and rule 58 of the Magistrate’s court provide an interim measure to help an applicant quickly and with minimal legal costs. In the law, this is called interim relief. Rule 43 and 58 can be used for one or more of the following:
Rule 43 and 58 deals with many of the issues that will ultimately be dealt with in the final divorce action, but is an interim solution. An extremely acrimonious divorce can take years to finalise and spouses need to be safeguarded during the divorce process.
In terms of the equality provisions in the Constitution, a divorcing wife who has no income is entitled to a contribution to her legal costs to ensure she has an equal opportunity to defend her case.
Timing of Rule 43 Applications
Depending on the circumstances, such an application can be brought:
Who can claim?
An applicant is entitled to interim relief depending on the living standards of the parties. In applications of this nature, an applicant must show that he/she has insufficient means and that the respondent can afford to meet the amounts being sought.
Procedure to obtain interim relief
The spouse seeking an interim relief order (the applicant) will file a notice and affidavit (referred to as a founding affidavit) with the court setting out the facts relating to the divorce and why the spouse is of the opinion that he/she is entitled to relief from the spouse against whom relief is sought (the respondent).
The applicant will need certain prescribed documentation to lodge an application for interim relief, including:
To initiate a Rule 43 Application, the party seeking interim relief, known as the Applicant, needs to prepare an affidavit detailing their financial circumstances, the financial needs of the children, and any other relevant information. This affidavit will be lodged at court and served on the other party, known as the Respondent. The Respondent will then have an opportunity to respond to the Applicant's affidavit.
Argument and Court Order
Once the Respondent has filed their response to the Applicant's affidavit, the matter is set down for argument before the court. The court will consider the affidavits and any supporting documents provided by both parties. Based on the evidence and arguments presented, the court will make a decision and issue an interim order, specifying the relief to be granted during the divorce proceedings.
Contribution Towards Legal Costs
Often one party, usually the wife, will not be in a position to institute or defend a divorce due to a lack of financial means. Rule 43(1) and (6) provides a mechanism whereby a party can claim a contribution to legal costs at the commencement or prior to the divorce proceedings and two or more such applications can be made before the first date of trial.
An applicant must be put into a position to present his/her case adequately and if one party for example embarked on litigation on a luxurious scale by paying exorbitant amounts to his attorneys a court will assist the other party. ln exercising its discretion in the determination of the amount of the contribution towards costs to be awarded, the court is bound by section 9(1) of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996, to guarantee both parties the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law - the equality of arms.Where an applicant claims a contribution towards his/her legal costs, the following principles will apply:
The scale upon which an applicant is entitled to litigate is a scale commensurate also with the means of the parties. People who are very rich are not expected to litigate upon the basis that they have to watch every penny that is spent in litigation. Litigation can be conducted luxuriously or economically. In Glazer v Glazer 1959 (3) 928 (W) at page 928 A-C Williamson J said: "I do not say that she is entitled to every luxurious expense in litigation, but she is entitled to litigate upon the basis you would expect rich people to litigate. She is the wife of a rich man who is obviously going to litigate against her on a luxurious basis. In this comparatively simple preliminary application he has appeared through senior counsel and junior counsel. I think she is entitled to litigate upon somewhat the same sort of scale as that upon which he can be expected to litigate".
In Nicholson v Nicholson 1998 (1) SA 48 at page 50C-E where Wunsh J said the following: “The question to be considered is what the applicant needs for reasonable proceedings. The cases were reviewed in Dodo v Dodo 1990 (2) SA 77 (W). The applicant is entitled, if the respondent has the means and she does not have them, to be placed in the position adequately to present her case, relevant factors being the scale on which the respondent is litigating and the scale on which the applicant intends litigating (I would have qualified this by reference to what is reasonable having regard to what is involved in the case), with due regard being had to the respondent's financial position.”
Rule 43 Applications provide crucial interim relief for parties going through divorce proceedings. By understanding the key aspects of Rule 43 Applications, the application process, and the possibility of varying orders, individuals can navigate this challenging period with more confidence. If you are considering a Rule 43 Application, it is advisable to consult with a knowledgeable family law attorney who can guide you through the process and help protect your rights and interests.
Remember, divorce is a complex legal process, and seeking professional advice is essential to ensure the best possible outcome for all parties involved.
To read the latest cases on Rule 43 Applications, visit Familylaws.co.za.
When a divorce is taking a long time to finalise or when one of the spouses is a homemaker with no income, the law provides a mechanism that can be used to assist spouses during a divorce to provide for the interim period until the divorce is finalised. Rule 43 of the High Court and rule 58 of the Magistrate’s court provide an interim measure to help an applicant quickly and with minimal legal costs. In the law, this is called interim relief. Rule 43 and 58 can be used for one or more of the following:
- interim care or contact with the child;
- maintenance for the wife and/or children;
- enforcing certain payments, such as for the bond on the matrimonial home, vehicles, school fees, medical aid premiums and even deposits on new accommodation and relocation costs;
- interim contribution towards the costs of the divorce and legal fees; and/or
- an order for delivery of a car, furniture, etc.
Rule 43 and 58 deals with many of the issues that will ultimately be dealt with in the final divorce action, but is an interim solution. An extremely acrimonious divorce can take years to finalise and spouses need to be safeguarded during the divorce process.
In terms of the equality provisions in the Constitution, a divorcing wife who has no income is entitled to a contribution to her legal costs to ensure she has an equal opportunity to defend her case.
Timing of Rule 43 Applications
Depending on the circumstances, such an application can be brought:
- before issue of the summons;
- simultaneously with the issuing of the summons; or
- after a notice of intention to defend is received.
Who can claim?
An applicant is entitled to interim relief depending on the living standards of the parties. In applications of this nature, an applicant must show that he/she has insufficient means and that the respondent can afford to meet the amounts being sought.
Procedure to obtain interim relief
The spouse seeking an interim relief order (the applicant) will file a notice and affidavit (referred to as a founding affidavit) with the court setting out the facts relating to the divorce and why the spouse is of the opinion that he/she is entitled to relief from the spouse against whom relief is sought (the respondent).
The applicant will need certain prescribed documentation to lodge an application for interim relief, including:
- a notice in terms of rule 43 and 58, requesting the respondent to file an opposing affidavit within 10 days;
- an affidavit accompanying the rule 43 and 58 notice; and
- annexures proving income, expenses, assets, etc.
To initiate a Rule 43 Application, the party seeking interim relief, known as the Applicant, needs to prepare an affidavit detailing their financial circumstances, the financial needs of the children, and any other relevant information. This affidavit will be lodged at court and served on the other party, known as the Respondent. The Respondent will then have an opportunity to respond to the Applicant's affidavit.
Argument and Court Order
Once the Respondent has filed their response to the Applicant's affidavit, the matter is set down for argument before the court. The court will consider the affidavits and any supporting documents provided by both parties. Based on the evidence and arguments presented, the court will make a decision and issue an interim order, specifying the relief to be granted during the divorce proceedings.
Contribution Towards Legal Costs
Often one party, usually the wife, will not be in a position to institute or defend a divorce due to a lack of financial means. Rule 43(1) and (6) provides a mechanism whereby a party can claim a contribution to legal costs at the commencement or prior to the divorce proceedings and two or more such applications can be made before the first date of trial.
An applicant must be put into a position to present his/her case adequately and if one party for example embarked on litigation on a luxurious scale by paying exorbitant amounts to his attorneys a court will assist the other party. ln exercising its discretion in the determination of the amount of the contribution towards costs to be awarded, the court is bound by section 9(1) of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996, to guarantee both parties the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law - the equality of arms.Where an applicant claims a contribution towards his/her legal costs, the following principles will apply:
- The test to be applied in considering the amount is that the applicant should be placed in a position to adequately present his/her case.
- The fact that the respondent is wealthy does not entitle the applicant to unlimited spending, there being a difference between what he/she wants and what he/she needs.
- What is ‘adequate’ depends on the nature of the litigation, the scale on which the respondent is litigating and the scale upon which he/she intends to litigate, with due regard being given to the respondent’s financial position.
- The applicant is not entitled to all his/her costs but merely a ‘contribution towards’ them. An applicant may lodge further applications later on in the process for his/her legal costs, including costs for each day of the trial.
- The contribution is not limited to disbursements only and may include reasonable attorneys’ reasonable.
The scale upon which an applicant is entitled to litigate is a scale commensurate also with the means of the parties. People who are very rich are not expected to litigate upon the basis that they have to watch every penny that is spent in litigation. Litigation can be conducted luxuriously or economically. In Glazer v Glazer 1959 (3) 928 (W) at page 928 A-C Williamson J said: "I do not say that she is entitled to every luxurious expense in litigation, but she is entitled to litigate upon the basis you would expect rich people to litigate. She is the wife of a rich man who is obviously going to litigate against her on a luxurious basis. In this comparatively simple preliminary application he has appeared through senior counsel and junior counsel. I think she is entitled to litigate upon somewhat the same sort of scale as that upon which he can be expected to litigate".
In Nicholson v Nicholson 1998 (1) SA 48 at page 50C-E where Wunsh J said the following: “The question to be considered is what the applicant needs for reasonable proceedings. The cases were reviewed in Dodo v Dodo 1990 (2) SA 77 (W). The applicant is entitled, if the respondent has the means and she does not have them, to be placed in the position adequately to present her case, relevant factors being the scale on which the respondent is litigating and the scale on which the applicant intends litigating (I would have qualified this by reference to what is reasonable having regard to what is involved in the case), with due regard being had to the respondent's financial position.”
Rule 43 Applications provide crucial interim relief for parties going through divorce proceedings. By understanding the key aspects of Rule 43 Applications, the application process, and the possibility of varying orders, individuals can navigate this challenging period with more confidence. If you are considering a Rule 43 Application, it is advisable to consult with a knowledgeable family law attorney who can guide you through the process and help protect your rights and interests.
Remember, divorce is a complex legal process, and seeking professional advice is essential to ensure the best possible outcome for all parties involved.
To read the latest cases on Rule 43 Applications, visit Familylaws.co.za.
