A K v J K (19890/2018) [2020] ZAWCHC 143 (3 November 2020) 
Court: Western Cape Division, Cape Town
Case No: 19890/2018
Dates heard: 13 June, 2 August, 12 December 2019, 12 March & 24 July 2020
Delivered: 3 November 2020
Judge: Gamble, J

HEAD NOTE

Doctor who told his ex-wife he was no longer willing to fund you lying on your couch every day faces two years behind bars if he doesn’t pay her R1.5m of spousal maintenance within a month.

​Contempt of court – where the wife was awarded lifelong maintenance, the husband unilaterally opted to decrease paying same – The court found that he had acted willfully and with mala fides

SUMMARY

In this case, the parties were divorced by way of a deed of settlement on 19 September 2013. The order incorporated spousal maintenance of R52 000 per month up until the wife (applicant) dies, remarries, or cohabits with another man for more than six months. The settlement agreement incorporated an escalation clause, and by the time the matter went to court, the monthly maintenance was R69 384,48. The husband (respondent) unilaterally made the decision to start decreasing the amount of maintenance. By May 2020, he was paying R10 000 per month and was owing R1 539 158,96. As a result, the wife lodged an application for contempt of court. The court found that the wife was still alive, had not remarried, nor was she cohabiting with anyone else.

The respondent was a specialist ophthalmologist. He managed a practice called Dr. J.A.K and operated various other private companies. On 12 March 2020, counsel for the respondent provided an expert report prepared in 2011 during the divorce. Experts from both sides concurred that the respondent's assets, and his ability to pay maintenance, were to be determined in line with the entities that he controlled.

It was difficult to ascertain the respondent's financial position due to the fact that he did not furnish all the necessary documents, and the experts from both sides did not have a meeting. The virtual hearing of 24 July 2020. Counsel for the respondent contended that aside from the fact that the respondent's gross annual income was R13 to R14 million, he had fallen into hard times, and the applicant had to carry some of the consequences. But counsel for the appellant quickly reminded the court that the respondent had still not given full disclosure about his finances.

The court noted that it was common cause that there was a court order, which the respondent knew about but still failed to comply. Consequently, the only matter was whether the breach was willful and mala fide. (See Fakie No v CCll Systems (Pty) Ltd 2006 (4) SA 326 (SCA) and Bannatyne v Bannatyne 2003 (2) SA 363 (CC) regarding the requirements for contempt of court).

In Maujean t/a Audio Video Agencies v Standard bank Ltd 1994 (3) SA 801 (C) at 803H – l, the court described willfulness in the context of default judgment as follows "…deliberateness in the sense of knowledge of the  action and the consequences.." The court found that such an approach was warranted in considering the willfulness element as it accords with the court's reasoning in Fakie.

It was argued that the respondent only realised in February 2018 that his finances were weakening so
much that he could not afford to pay maintenance. The court contradicted the argument because the respondent had always threatened to stop paying maintenance way before that point. Besides, there was uncontested expert evidence which revealed that he was still able to afford the payments. The court also pointed out that even though the respondent's accountant expressed some reservations about the deed of settlement, the respondent did sign it and continued to pay the money every month for four years without defaulting. The court found that the respondent's true motivation for stopping to pay maintenance was documented in a WhatsApp text to his ex-wife. He told her that he no longer felt like working to support her and that he was contemplating retiring in 2021. He also informed her that she must move on with her life as he did not intend to maintain her forever.

The court also held that it was obvious in the respondent's answering affidavit that he knew that he could not unilaterally decide to disobey a court order. Yet, he proceeded to do so. It was further held that not only did he behave willfully, but he was also shown to be mala fide. For example, he undertook to provide the court with full details of his financial position and never did.

In summary, it was held that he had failed to adduce evidence, which demonstrates a reasonable doubt that he acted without willfulness and mala fides. Consequently, it was held that the respondent should pay the outstanding R1 539 158,96 to the applicant within one month and to continue paying the monthly maintenance. He was sentenced to 60 days imprisonment, which was suspended for two years on the condition that he complies with the court order. 

The Evolution of Divorce and Family Lawyers
 
Contemporary family law practice requires that the family lawyer’s philosophical map be redrawn so that she sees herself first and foremost as a conflict manager and problem solver. - Action Committee on Access to Justice in Civil and Family Matters (The “Cromwell Report”)

Most critics of our present adversarial family law system focus on the overly aggressive family law attorney who uses sharp tactics and hostile methods of representation, thereby exacerbating an already complex situation.  They recommend that we should somehow find a way to reign in these rogue family law gladiators.
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In a recent case in Australia a woman received up to five letters a day – including on weekends – from her ex-husband’s lawyer. The letters were often times angry, allegedly threatening and, according to a presiding judge, inflammatory and accusatory. Regardless, the woman had to pay for her lawyers to read and respond to every letter. By the time the property and custody aspects of the bitter court dispute were settled, she and her ex-husband had amassed more than $860,000 in legal fees. As well as the repeated letter-writing, the case also involved several court applications – all of which cost to launch and respond to. It amounted to a kind of financial abuse, and one that was able to occur in the current court system. After the case the woman remarked: “As the family court system falls apart, all of the unethical, unscrupulous, bottom-feeding lawyers converge to extract money from the carnage”. In his judgment the presiding judge noted the large volume of correspondence between lawyers that were attached to the affidavits, including some within the 500 pages of exhibits to the father’s affidavit. “Some of those letters were inflammatory and reflected the anger of the parties or one or other of them,” he said. “The letters were at times accusatory. They were often verbose and at times involved unnecessary tit-for-tat commentary. Some of the letters served little or no forensic purposes. “Solicitors are not employed to act as ‘postman’ to vent the anger and vitriol of their clients.” The judge went on further to say.
 
The judge remarked, "Whether this win at all costs, concede little or nothing, chase every rabbit down every hole and hang the consequences approach to family law litigation is a reflection of a Sydney-based culture by some or many litigants or whether it is an approach by some legal practitioners or a combination of both, I do not know. Whichever is the cause, the consequences of obscenely high legal costs are destructive of the emotional, social and financial well being of the parties and their children. It must stop". The judge stated that legal practitioners – who were often representing people for their first interaction with the family court – had a duty to minimise costs and reduce conflict. “The children of these parties depend upon the income and assets of their parents to support them,” he said. “Yet, in this case, the costs of the proceedings have taken a terrible toll on the wealth of the parties and consequently their ability to support and provide for their children.” “A formalist reading of the law says the law is about the best interests of the children. But what are the best interests of the children? That’s culturally determined. And it’s determined by the lawyers and barristers and theater performance on the day.”

I personally know of one matter where a family law attorney advised a client to obtain a protection order against her husband since the husband abused her emotionally and verbally. The client informed the lawyer that the husband said to her that if she obtains a protection order against him that he will commit suicide. The lawyer brushed this off as another attempt of abuse and proceeded with obtaining the protection order. The result, the husband committed suicide.   
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As life changes, people do too, the same goes for lawyers. Lawyers are well-known for resisting to adapt to change. What lawyers don’t realise is that the law does not exist for the purpose of keeping lawyers employed. We live in an era where the general public have become smarter, information is freely available, and people become negative towards lawyers.
 
Lawyers are perceived to make money on hours billed, the longer a case stretches, the more fees in the pocket.

The problem is the mindsets of the archaic old school breed of lawyers. The ones who have been molded by an adversarial, combative and confrontational legal system, where the law is seen as a battle of winners and losers. Family law issues themselves are emotional and value laden, adding additional complexity for the role of the lawyer.
 
Over-identification with clients may be challenging in many areas of law, however the personal nature of family law creates a difficult task for separating the client’s problems from the lawyer’s personal history. Family law comprises of personal and intimate matters and the most vulnerable members of our society – children. The issues can lead clients and lawyers to feel passionately, especially when we have our own histories. Nevertheless, clients will not be well served if lawyers cannot work together on effective and proportionate dispute resolution and solutions to the issues. We must isolate clients’ views from those of lawyers and recognize that, as lawyers, we only fully have one side of the story. What is more, clients will not be well served by personal incivility in contentious matters. After all, if lawyers are not civil to each other on a personal level, how can we expect spouses taking part in a family breakup, the most aggravating time of their lives, to do so?
 
Family law consists of a unique crossroad of emotional, financial and legal challenges. It entails of rights presented by the law – compensation for sacrifices made for the family unit, entitlement to benefit from the increase in net family wealth, and financial support for the ongoing care of children. It furthermore deals with rights that are people-oriented, rather than act-oriented, such as care and contact. Family law demands the resolution of financial issues, that are usually tied to emotional issues.  Emotional information is essential - information that may potentially be at the root of the relationship breakdown, regarding whether a spouse committed adultery, or lied about their sexual orientation. Emotional information is not really legally relevant since the introduction of no-fault divorce, nonetheless it is pertinent to a client making decisions in an interest-based process.
 
Family law is changing towards non-adversarial dispute resolution processes. As a consequence, some family lawyers are representing clients who are attempting to reach settlements that recognize their interests, instead of just pursuing their legal rights. By reacting to the full spectrum of client needs, lawyers are expected to act in a different way than they do whenever they are representing a client in a traditional civil litigation matter. They give consideration to the emotional and financial consequences of relationship breakdown – issues that are not usually within the purview of the family law lawyer. They objectively reality check with their clients, and they approach interest-based negotiations in a client-centric way. These lawyers view their role as that of a non-adversarial advocate, and their clients as whole people with interests that are not just legal.
 
Most civil litigation disputes are linear: there is an incident, a claim, and a resolution, then the parties go their separate ways. In family law, the parties may remain interconnected if they have children; which means, they will remain in each other’s lives, at the very least participating in family functions. If there are maintenance responsibilities, they may be financially attached for an indefinite duration. Family law comprises of reviews and variations, meaning the parties may review issues when there is a change in circumstances. In other words, family law issues are not always linear and do not always allow for a clean break. Clients will need to communicate over time.
 
The vast majority of family law legislation and jurisprudence is centered on the care of children, and the economic consequences of the dissolution of the family unit, legal rights that are designed for an adversarial system.
 
The way families deal with disputes has significantly changed over the last decade. Scholars have focused on a number of substantive law changes that have contributed to this transformation. These include the changing definitions of marriage, parenthood, and families. However, less focus has been paid to the huge changes that have taken place in the processes surrounding family dispute resolution.
 
Social science research over the last two decades has made a powerful case that children's well-being following parental breakup is dependent upon their parents' conduct throughout and after the separation process.  A great deal of the research indicates that the greater the levels of parental conflict to which children are exposed, the more negative the effects of family dissolution.
 
As two leading reformers recently stated, "in the last quarter century, the process of resolving legal family disputes has, both literally and metaphorically, moved from confrontation toward collaboration and from the courtroom to the conference room".
 
The standard adversary system has failed many family law litigants, especially in contested cases concerning children. As family court proponents have accurately observed, existing legal standards make family court proceedings mainly a backward-looking process, fashioned to assign blame and, as a result, add to the acrimony between parents. However, possibly just as problematic, those same indeterminate standards make it difficult for parties to anticipate results in court, and reduce the likelihood of achieving early and less costly agreements concerning childcare and contact related issues. Even if agreements are ultimately reached in most cases, parties spend enormous resources on lawyers, investigators, and other experts to show the other parent unfit.
 
We should now acknowledge the contaminating and toxic nature of the whole adversarial court-supervised divorce and care and contact process and start to move divorce completely outside of the court’s grasp. This can only happen if there is a mind shift in the minds of Family lawyers.
 
In Australia the law reform commission launched its review into the Australian family court system by focusing on areas of key concern for families. These include ensuring the family law system prioritises the best interests of children, best addresses family violence and child abuse, and supports families, including those with complex needs, to resolve their family law disputes quickly and safely while minimising the financial burden. Some of the key recommendations were that family violence must be determined early in the proceedings. This ensures the right orders are made to protect children and too often that is not happening. 

​A divorced father who botched to honour his child maintenance obligations and disregarded court rulings is now set to have his house sold in execution of his debt towards the child. The Constitutional Court on Thursday dismissed an application for leave to appeal by the man‚ known as SS‚ against a 2015 high court judgment which directed that his house be sold in execution of a R306 000 maintenance debt.

Haywood v Haywood and another - [2014] JOL 31970 (WCC)

The applicant (father) and first respondent (mother) were engaged in divorce litigation. They entered into a settlement agreement, which was presented to Court for an order in terms thereof to be taken by agreement. In terms of the agreement the father undertook to maintain the parties’ minor son by the payment of cash in the amount of R7 000 per month to the mother, by covering his reasonable medical expenses and by paying his school fees. The father continued to pay the maintenance in respect of his son up to the beginning of 2014. He then discovered that the mother decided to enrol the boy into a college to able him to improve his Matric grades. The father was not happy at not having been consulted, and obtained advice from his attorney. 


He was advised that since the boy was then 18, that he was no longer required to pay maintenance directly to the mother.

Flowing from the father’s stance, the mother obtained a writ of execution for the attachment of movables belonging to the father, for an amount representing one month’s maintenance, and the college fees.

In an urgent application, the father sought a declaration that the order made pursuant to the settlement agreement had lapsed due to their son having attained majority.

The court found that ordinarily, the position is that upon the attainment of majority of the child, the parent in whose care the child is, no longer has the locus standi to claim payment of maintenance on behalf of the child. The principles which have been applied in respect of agreements to pay maintenance incorporated into orders of divorce can usefully be applied to agreements in relation to Rule 43 applications as well. The Court had to determine the parties’ intention when they concluded the agreement. The golden rule is to have regard to the language of the written instrument in question, and to give it its grammatical and ordinary meaning. The Court was satisfied that the parties contemplated continued payments by the father directly to the mother after their son’s majority.